Muallif: Otauli


Qalpoq bozori

       Kunlardan bir kuni Afandi uylanibdi. Shunaqangi olatasir to'y bo'libdiki, bunday yig'in ta'rifida xalqda bir ibora bor: "To'y to'y bo'lmadi, bola-chaqa yeb ketdi". Xullas, mana shunday yig'inda to'yboshilar ataylabmi va yo azbaroyi faromushxotirlik qilibmi, ko'z ko'rib quloq eshitmagan bir kamchilikka yo'l qo'yibdilar: chimildiqqa kirgunga qadar qo'shnining uyida uyalibgina o'tirgan Afandiga osh berishni unutibdilar. Vaqti kelganda biryo'la chimildiqqa taklif etibdilar. Ana o'shanda Afandi, bolaligidan andak arazchiroq ekanmi, mehmonnanvozligi tutib ketibdimi va yo azbaroyi achchig'i chiqqanidanmi, g'oyat purma'no, chinakamiga afandilarcha "bir so'z" debdi:
       - Chimildiqqa osh eganlar kirsin!
       Agar Ulug' Oktyabr inqilobini to'yga, Vatanning inon-ixtiyorini chimildiqqa, rus tilini oshga, xalqimizni Afandiga qiyoslasak, aytish mumkinki, biz ham ko'p yillardan buyon bilib-bilmay, ixtiyoriy-beixtiyor "chimildiqqa osh eganlar kirsin" deb keldik. Xudoga ming qatla shukurki, mana, qayta qurish tilimizga, demakki, fikrimizga bergan erk bois, garchi juda ham kechikib bo'lsa-da, masalani boshqacharoq tarzda qo'ymoqdamiz. Deylik, avval-boshda to'y to'y bo'lganmidi va yo?.. To'yboshilarimiz kim edi? To'y oshini kimlar eb ketishdi? Chimildiqqa kirdikmi? Va hokazo savollarga atroflicha javob qidirmoqdamiz.
       Shunday savollardan bir, mening nazarimda, eng muhimi bugun butun murakkabligi, butun zalvori bilan bizning oldimizda ko'ndalang turibdi: "O'zbekiston mustaqilmi va yo qaram davlatmi?"
       To'g'ri, jumhuriyat Oliy kengashining ikkinchi sessiyasida "Mustaqillik deklaraöiyasi" qabul qilindi. "Suv bo'lmasa tayammum" deganlaridek, bu ham xalqimiz uchun o'ziga xos bayram, o'ziga xos to'y bo'ldi. To'g'rirog'i, bundan etmish yilcha muqaddam to'y boshlagan xalqimiz, mana, nihoyat, endi-endi chimildiqqa kirish azmida turibdi. Lekin har qanday deklaraöiya - bu hali mustaqillikning o'zi degani emas. Ayniqsa, iqtisodiy mustaqillik, xuddi iqtisodiy qaramlik kabi, ko'p yillarga cho'ziluvchi, izchillik bilan amalga oshiriladigan siyosatning qonuniy hosilasidir. Bizning naqd oltmish olti yillik (Sharof Rashidovdek bir inson umriga teng!) siyosatimiz esa, mohiyatan olganda, har bir xalqning iqtisodiy mustaqilligini emas, aksincha, iqtisodiy qaramligini ta'minlashga "mohirona" yo'naltirilgan edi. Har bir xalqning tarixiy taqdiri ming bir iplar bilan birgina nuqtaga - markazlashgan davlat-u uning jilovini dastida mahkam ushlagan yakka shaxsning xohish-irodasiga oyoqdan ham, qo'ldan ham bog'lab qo'yilgan edi.
       Xo'sh, har bir xalq, jumladan, biz o'zbeklar uchun iqtisodiy mustaqillikning birlamchi sharti nima? Xalqona ibora bilan aytganda, "o'ziga xon, o'ziga bek"likda. Atroflicha izohlaydigan bo'lsak, "o'zing uchun o'l, etim" deganlaridek, oddiygina kundalik ehtiyoj mollari, deylik, gugurtdan to zamonaviy robototexnikaga qadar jamiki ishlab chiqarish mahsulotlarini o'zing o'z qo'ling bilan ishlab chiqarishdadir. Biz oltmish olti yil badalida ana o'sha oddiygina gugurtdan tortib to eng murakkab robototexnikaga qadar jamiki mahsulotlarni ishlab chiqaruvchi bo'lishga erishishning o'rniga, aksincha, ularning iste'molchilariga aylanib qoldik. Bugina emas, bir necha ming yildan beri hamisha o'zimizni o'zimiz ta'minlab kelgan mahsulotlar uchun ham jumhuriyat sarhadlaridan chetga ko'z tikadigan bo'lib qoldik. Butun boshli bir xalqni paxta, pilla, qorako'l kabi bir necha xom-ashyoga qo'ldan-u oyoqdan bog'lab tashlab, hattoki shu xom-ashyolardan tayyorlangan mahsulotlarni olish uchun ham o'ziga qaram qilib qo'yib, ularni ming noz-firoq bilan ko'ngli tusagan narxlarda berib, ustiga ustak, "boqimanda xalq" deya tahqirlash - ochig'i, bunaqasini ko'hna tarix kamdan-kam ko'rgan!
       Ba'zan mana shunday yalpi qaramlik mamlakat xalqlarining o'zaro iqtisodiy hamkorligi, chambarchas bog'liqligi, hatto soöializmning misli ko'rilmagan yutug'i, xalqlar do'stligining ramzi sifatida talqin etilib kelindi. Men bu xususda boshqacharoq fikrdaman. Masalan, Chkalov nomidagi samolyot ishlab chiqarish birlashmasini olaylik. Xo'sh, bir samolyotning qismlari ulkan mamlakatning yuzlab joylarida tayyorlansa, bu qismlar Toshkentga olib kelib qurashtirilsa, deylik, Kamchatkadan kichik bir qism kelmay qolganida butun boshli birlashma ahli uni ko'zi to'rt bo'lib kutib o'tirsa, bu (chambarchas bog'liqlik, ya'ni, qaramlik bo'lsa bordir), ko'z-ko'z qilsa arzigulik iqtisodiy hamkorlik, xalqlar do'stligining timsoli bo'la oladimi? Bu ahvolda respublikamiz iqtisodiy jihatdan mustaqillikka erishib, o'zining milliy tayyorasozlik sanoatini yo'lga qo'ya oladimi? Yo mohiyat e'tibori bilan xalqimiz uchun besamar bu ishning bahridan o'tib, hozircha RSFSRdan eng so'nggi nusxadagi "Il" yoxud AQShdan "Boing"ni sotib olish bilan kifoyalanib, diqqatni sanoatning boshqa turlarini rivojlantirishga qaratilgani ma'qulroqmi?
       Og'ir sanoatni qo'ya turib, xalqimizga qadimdan bir bahya yaqinroq soha - to'qimachilik sanoatimizning bugungi ahvolini olib qaraylik.
       Atlas, beqasam, qalami, banoras, shoyi, chit, bo'z, qo'ying-chi, ne-ne gazlamalar ishlab chiqarish bobida xalqimiz bir necha ming yillardan buyon jahonda dovrug' qozonib kelgani tarixdan yaxshi ma'lum. Qadimda birgina atlasning yuzga yaqin turi mavjud edi. Bu o'ta haridorgir mahsulotlar bilan o'z-o'zimizni ta'minlabgina qolmay, Ipak yo'lidan o'tgan jahon bozorida ham ulkan nufuzga ega edik. Bugunga kelib bu nufuz qo'ldan ketdi. Ustiga ustak, to'qimachilik sanoati uchun zarur hom ashyolarni keragidan ortiq darajada etishtira turib, aksariyat tayyor mahsulotlar - satin deysizmi, shtapel deysizmi, qay birini aytay - yuzlab matolarning nomini ham, o'zini ham chetdan oladigan bo'lib qoldik. Iqtisodiy qaramlik bundan ortiq bo'lmas!
       Biror yil avval ozod Hindistonning birinchi prezidenti Javoharlal Neru tavalludining 100 yilligi jahon miqyosida keng nishonlandi. Shu munosabat bilan mutafakkirning "Hindistonning kashf etilishi" asaridan bir bobni tarjima qilib chop ettirgan edim. Bobda ingliz mutsamlakachilari Hindistonni qanday qilib iqtisodiy mustaqillikdan mahrum va iqtisodiy qaramlikka mahkum etganliklari yoritilgan, bu siyosiy nayrangning avra-astari ag'darib ko'rsatilgan edi. Misol tariqasida esa to'qitmachilik sanoati olingan edi. Dastlab Evropa mamilakatlarida bozori chaqqon hind to'qimachilik sanoati mahsulotlari bilan olibsotarlik qilishdan ish boshlagan Ost-Ind shirkati oradan ma'lum vaqt o'tib, aksincha, bu mamlakatni ingliz to'qimachilik sanoati ishlab chiqargan o'tmas matohlarni sotadigan ulkan bozorga aylantirgan, tamom-vassalom. Ya'ni, mamlakatdagi iqtisodiy munosabatlarning oyog'ini osmondan keltirib, uni, xalqona ibora bilan aytganda, baayni qalpoq qilib tashlagan! Mustamlakachilik zanjiri shu siyosiy o'yindan "o'sib-ungan". Shu boisdan Maxatma Gandi va Javoharlal Neru boshchiligidagi hind milliy ozodlik harakati ishni ayni munosabatni o'nglab oyoqqa qo'yishdan boshlagan edilar. Ular to'qimachilik sanoati mahsulotlarini chetdan qabul qilishga uzil-kesil chek qo'yib, o'z-o'zini ta'minlash va, aksincha, chetga sotishga o'tganlar. Natija bugungi kunda oydek ravshan: mamlakat gazlama va kiyim-kechak bilan tez orada o'zini ta'minlabgina qolmay, jahon bozoridagi avvalgi mavqeini ham qayta tiklab oldiki, bundan, deylik, Toshkentdagi "Ganga" do'koniyoq yaqqol dalolat berib turibdi. Xolbuki bir paytlar manzara boshqacharoq edi: bizda ishlab chiqargan gazlama va kiyim-kechaklar jahonning ko'pgina mamlakatlari qatori Hindistonda ham o'ta haridorgir edi. Binobarin, bugun biz ham ishni an'anaviy to'qimachilik sanoatimizni qayta tiklashdan boshlamog'imiz kerak bo'ladi. Shunga qat'iy aminmanki, agar ishlab chiqarish va tashqi savdoning inon-ixtiyori butunligicha o'z qo'limizga olinib to'g'ri yo'lga qo'yilsa, ajdodlarimiz dahosi yaratgan mo''jiza - atlasimizning o'ziyoq jumhuriyatimizning iqtisodiy mustaqilligini ta'minlashda hal qiluvchi ahamiyat kasb etishi mumkin.
       Bir tovuqqa ham suv, ham don kerak, deydilar. Odam bolasiga-chi? Butun boshli bir xalqqa-chi? Uning bir necha o'n yillar badalida mahkum etilgan iqtisodiy qaramlikdan qutulib, nisbatan qisqa vaqtda - bir necha yil ichida iqtisodiy mustaqillikka erishmog'i uchun juda ko'p omillar kerak, albatta. Shulardan biri - oila xo'jaligidir.
       Xalqimizning asrlar bo'yi piri badavlat oila, to'kis-tugal ro'zg'or, qut-barakali xonadon xususidagi tasavvuri qanday edi? Odatda bunday xonadon sohibi mehmon kutar ekan, ko'ksi faxr-u g'ururga to'lib mulozimat qilar edi: "Qani, oling, mehmon! Xudoga shukur, hammasi dehqonchilik, bari o'zimizdan chiqadi. Ishqilib, birovning qo'liga ko'z tikib, bozorga qaram bo'lib qolganimiz yo'q. Qo'ldan berganga qush to'ymaydi deganlar. Hammasini o'zing o'z mehnating bilan etishtirganingga ne etsin!.."
       "Mamlakatning paxta mustaqilligini ta'minlash yo'lidagi kurash" xalqimizni shunday bir nochor ahvolga olib keldiki, endilikda jumhuriyatimizdagi aksariyat xonadon sohiblari bunday faxr-u g'urur tuyg'usidan mahrumdirlar. Hatto qishloqlarimizda ham ne-ne qo'li gul sohibkorlarimiz oddiygina sabzi-piyozdan tortib to go'shtgacha harid qilish uchun do'konga ko'z tikib, bozorga qaram bo'lib yashamoqdalar. Bunday xonadonlarda siyosiy mustaqillik, ya'ni, mavjud ahvoldan norozilikni oshkoro aytish huquqi bo'lsa bordir, biroq iqtisodiy mustaqillikdan asar ham yo'q. Shu jihatdan jumhuriyatimizdagi ko'plab oilalarga tomorqa uchun er berilishi va uni kelgusida chorak gektarga etkazishning rejalashtirilishini mustaqillikning alifbosi, iqtisodiy mustaqillikka erishish yo'lidagi buyuk qadam desa bo'ladi. Zero, Oktyabr inqilobidan keyin bolsheviklar ham ishni avvalo er-suvsiz har bir dehqonga chorak gektar er berishdan boshlagani tarixdan ma'lum. Sho'ro hukumatining dastlabki dekretlaridan biri er xususida edi. Afsuski, stalinizm siyosati, xususan, "kollektivlashtirish-kolxozlashtirish kompaniyasi" deb atalmish mash'um balo bu qutlug' ishni yo'qqa chiqardi, aslini olganda, erni egasiz qoldirdi, ustiga ustak, dehqonni zvenovoyga, zvenovoyni brigadirga, brigadirni raisga... butunisicha qaram qilib, oyoq-qo'lini ham, o'y-fikrini ham, xohish-irodasini ham ipsiz bog'lab tashladi. Endi bunday iqtisodiy qaramliklar zanjirini parchalab boshi berk ko'chadan chiqishning birlamchi sharti - o'zligimizga qaytish, ya'ni, dehqonni erga chinakam va birdan-bir ega qilib, ikki qo'lini bo'sh, o'zini erkin qo'yish kerak, tamom-vassalom! Ana o'shanda donishmand shoirimiz G'afur G'ulom dostonining nomi bilan aytadigan bo'lsak, "Egalari egallaganda", tez orada o'zini ham, respublikamizni ham iqtisodiy mustaqillikka olib chiqishni qo'li gul dehqondan ko'raverasiz.
       Iqtisodiy mustaqilligimizni amalda ta'minlash nafaqat har bir dehqon xo'jaligini, balki nisbatan yirikroq ijtimoiy qurilma - qishloqni ham iqtisodiy mustaqillikka esh qilish bilan uzviy bog'liq.
       Shu o'rinda bir naql aytay.
       Mening ona qishlog'im - Qorachiq ahlini butun turkistonliklar "tuz ekkan qorachiqliklar" deya ta'riflaydilar. Turkiy she'riyatning sarchashmalaridan biri, "Hibat ul haqoyiq" dostonining muallifi Ahmad YUgnakiy - Adib Ahmadning vatani bo'lmish bu qadim qishloq (e'tiboringiz uchun yaqin-yaqinlargacha ham qishloq sho'rosining nomi "Yugnak", qozoqchasiga aytganda, "Juynek" edi. Qaysidir aqli noqis arbobning "tashabbusi" tufayli u qishloq biqinidagi soyning nomi bilan "Qorachiq" deb atala boshlandi. Bunday "qayta qurish"ga nima deysiz? Hay, bu o'zi alohida bir mavzu, to'g'rirog'i, dildagi og'riq!), xullas, shu qishloq ahli, naql qilishlaricha, ming yillardan buyon tuz (osh tuzi)dan boshqa hech nimani sotib olmas ekan. Sababi - qishloq ahli "yigit kishiga qirq hunar oz" degan qoidaga qat'iy amal qilib yashar ekan. Ya'ni, dehqonchilik, chorvachilik, hunarmandlik, kosiblik, qo'ying-chi, insoniy tirikchilikning jamiki vositalarini qoyilmaqom qilib uddalayverarkanlar. Kunlardan bir kuni allaqanday kelgindi qishloq ahlini laqillatmoqchi bo'libdi: "Qachongacha chetdan tuz sotib olasanlar? Yaxshisi, shu tuzniyam o'zlaring ekib qo'ya qolmaysanlarmi?" O'shanda sohibkor, mirishkor, chevar, qo'li gul, lekin o'ta oqko'ngil, soddadil, ishonuvchan qishloq ahli bu g'alamislarcha qutquga laqqa ishonibdi. "Rostdan hami o'tiramizmi anovi muttaham savdogarning yo'liga-yu qo'liga ko'z tikib, padarqusurga qaram bo'lib?! Shu tuz deganlariniyam o'zimiz ekib qo'ya qolaylik-da", degan to'xtamga kelishibdi... Naql qilishlaricha, shu boisdan Qorachiq atroflaridagi qirlarni oppoq sho'r bosib ketgan ekan! Bilmadim, rostdan ham shunday bo'lganmi va yo bu qorachiqliklarning uddaburroligi va mirishkorligini ko'rolmaydigan qaysidir qitmir o'ylab topgan uydirmami, har qalay, shu narsa aniqki, men esimni taniy boshlagan paytimda - 50-yillarning oxirlarida ham qishloqda qo'sh tegirmon, bir necha objuvoz, har biri yigirma-o'ttiz gektarlik bir necha bog', har bir xonadonda o'ziga etgulik qo'y-echki, sigir-buzoq, hattoki ot bilan tuya, qo'yingki, farovon va mustaqil turmush uchun nimaiki zarur bo'lsa, barcha-barchasi muhayyo edi. Qishloqda meva-cheva yo sutni sotish yoki sotib olish kechirib bo'lmas uyat ish hisoblanar edi. Hamqishloqlarim o'sha tuzni o'z peshonalariga ekkanlarmi, qaydam, hozir ularning aksariyati nainki sut-qatiq, hattoki o'zlari etishtirgan paxtadan yumaloq-yostiq qilib tikilgan ko'rpa-to'shak bilan guppi-choponni, to'g'rirog'i, fufaykani sotib olish uchun tuman markazi Turkistondagi ship-shiydon do'konlarga ko'z tikib yashamoqdalar. O'z navbatida turistonliklar viloyat markazi Chimkentga, chimkentliklar esa, Olma ota va yo "yon qo'shni-jon qo'shni"lari Toshkentga tikilib turibdilar. Qozog'iston va O'zbekistondagi, umuman, qadim Turkistondagi aksariyat qishloq va shaharlarda ham manzara qariyb mana shunday. Bu ahvolda iqtisodiy mustaqillik xususida gap bo'lishi mumkinmi? Binobarin, endi qishloqlarni iqtisodiy qaramlikdan holos etish uchun tegirmon va juvozlarni qayta tiklash, xalq amaliy san'ati, mayda hunarmandchilikning barcha turlarini keng yo'lga qo'yish shart. Ming yillar tasdig'idan o'tgan qadimiy uskunalardan foydalanish mumkin va kerak, lekin mamlakatimizning sanoat markazlari aldab-suldab tiqishtiradigan o'tmas matohlarni tobora qimmatiga olavermay, buning o'rniga Yaponiya, Janubiy Koreya, Turkiya, Hindiston kabi yashash tarzi tarixan o'zimizga yaqin SHarq mamlakatlaridagi jahon standarti darajasida yaratilgan mo''jaz dastgohlar, kichik korxonalarni ko'plab harid va ayribosh qilish yo'liga o'tgan ma'qul. "Sanoat gigantlari" deb atalmish baloyi azim, aslini olganda, iqtisodimiz oyog'ini shunaqangi osmondan keltirdiki, hali vaqti kelib bu ortiqcha yuklardan xolos bo'lishning o'zi ham bir olam tashvishga aylanishi aniq. Binobarin, endi butun e'tibor oila va qishloq xo'jaligini iqtisodiy qaramlikdan qutqarishga qaratilmog'i kerak. Shu ikki ish amalga oshirilsa, aminmanki, respublikamizni iqtisodiy mustaqillikning keng-darhon yo'liga olib chiqishning tagzamini yaratilgan bo'lur edi. Ana shunda bozor iqtisodiyotiga o'tishning real asoslaridan biri ham vujudga kelgan bo'lar edi. Aks holda "bozor iqtisodiyoti" deganlari yarmidan ko'pi qashshoq umr kechirayogan xalqimizni yana-da qashshoqlashtiruvchi navbatdagi siyosiy nayrang bo'lib qolaveradi.
       Modomiki biz to'la iqtisodiy mutsaqillikka erishmay turib bozor iqtisodiyotiga o'tishga majbur bo'lib turgan ekanmiz, endi bevosita shu bozor iqtisodiyoti bilan bog'liq muammolarga o'taylik. Zero, iqtisodiy mustaqillik bozor iqtisodiyotiga nechog'li samarali ta'sir ko'rsatsa, bozorning ahvoli ham iqtisodiy mustaqillik yo'lidagi qadamlarimizni shunchalik tezlashtirish va yo susaytirishi aniq.
       Shu o'rinda avvalo ochiq-oshkor iqror bo'lgim kelib turibdiki, mening iqtisodiy atamalar mohiyatini bir iqtisodchi-miutaxassis qadar anglab etolmaydigan ojiz aqlim ayniqsa bir narsada qattiq oqsaydi. "Bozor iqtisodiyoti" atamasini va shunday iqtisodiyotga o'tishning zaruratini, ozdir-ko'pdir, har qalay, tushunaman. Lekin, ochig'i, shu atama oldidagi "boshqariladigan" degan aniqlovchining ma'nosini paqqos tushunmayman. Bu qanaqasi?! Qanday "boshqariladigan"? Insoniyat tarixi shunday dalolat berib turibdiki, agar bozor boshqarilsa, demak, u bozor emas, balki davlat do'konidir. Agar chinakam bozor bo'lsa, u har qanday boshqaruv, tashqi ta'sirni yoqtiravermaydi. Axir, bozor o'z nomi bilan bozor-da! Unda narx-navoni, deylik, Narx-navo qo'mitasining hokimona dasti emas, kundalik ehtiyoj belgilaydi, tamom-vassalom. Shu ehtiyojga qarab bozordagi narx-navo, xuddi kapitalistik mamlakatlardagi savdo-sotiq birjalaridagidek, dam ko'tarilib, dam tushib, baayni tarozi shayinidek erkin harakat qilib turmaydimi? Axir, bozor iqtisodini boshqara-boshqara shu ahvolga kelmadikmi? Tag'in qanday boshqarilmoqchi?
       Bundan to'rt-besh yil muqaddam jumhuriyatimizning sobiq rahbari Oloy bozoridagi narx-navoni qanday boshqarmoqchi bo'lgani yodingizdami? U kishi bozor aylanib yurib, "Kilosini sakkiz so'mdan sotishga uyalmaysizmi, oqsoqol?" deya mayiz sotayotgan dehqonni koyiy ketibdilar. Ustiga ustak, qistalang qilibdilar: "Hozirdan e'tiboran kilosini ikki so'mdan sotasiz!" Etmish yil itoatkorlikda saqlangan dehqon qo'l qovushtirib qulluq qilibdi: "Xo'p bo'ladi, xo'jayin, siz nima desangiz shu!" Aytishlaricha, o'shanda payt poylab turgan allaqanday uchar qulay fursatdan foydalanib haligi rahbarning ko'z oldida dehqonning naq bir qop mayizini kilosiga ikki so'mdan to'lab ko'tarasiga sotib olmoqchi bo'libdi. Bechora dehqon sotmay desa rahbarning vajohatidan qo'rqadi. Sotay desa... bu ish kuppa-kunduz yuzingda ko'zing bormi demay talonchilik qilishga o'xshab ketadi. Demoqchimanki, "boshqariladigan bozor iqtisodiyoti"ga o'tish mana shunday talonchilikka keng yo'l ochib berib, usiz ham kamayib borayotgan sohibkorlarimiz-u meva-chevaning barakasini battar o'chirmasa edi. Axir, bozorni boshqarish emas, uning gurkirab o'sishi uchun tegishli shart-sharoit, qulay iqlim yaratish xususida bosh qotirish lozim emasmi? Bu borada bosh qotirsa arziydigan muammolar esa bexisob.
       Yaqinda nimadir harid qilish uchun Chorsu bozoriga tushdim-u, yangi gumbaz oldidagi kenglikda bamaylixotir uzum sotib o'tirgan bir kampirga gap qotdim:
       - Anovi yangi bozorga kirmay bu erda o'tiribsiz, onaxon?
       Kutilmaganda kampir dilidagisini tiliga chiqardi:
       - U ochiq mozorga kirishga kimning toqati bor deysan, bolam!
       Beixtiyor ro'paramdagi bahaybat "o'tov" tepasidagi o'ziga yarasha "tuynuk"ka qaradim va... tilimizning naqadar bo'yoqdorligiga yana bir karra qoyil qoldim. Yangi bozorning xalqona ta'rifini qarang-a! Nazarimda bu zaharxandali ta'rif har birimizni jiddiyroq o'ylashga unday oladi: ko'hna SHarq bozori hech qachon o'tov ichida bo'lganmi? Me'morlarimiz shu bahaybat o'tovni o'ylab topish bilan qosh qo'yaman deb ko'z chiqarmadilarmi ekan? Bozorni yopiq binoga ko'chiramiz deb, sharqona bozorning uzviy qismlari bo'lmish tim va rastalarga xos fayz-tarovatdan bizni mahrum qilib qo'ymadilarmi? Anovi gumbaz, kampirning istehzoli tashbehi bilan aytganda, "ochiq mozor" nimaga ko'proq o'xshaydi: o'tovgami? To'nkarilgan teshik tog'oragami? Va yo bir paytlar Yusufbek hoji kabi nuroniy qariyalarimiz kiygan guldor duxoba qalpoq, ya'ni, taqiyagami?.. Ayniqsa, shunaqa qalpoqqa juda-juda o'xshab ketadi, biroq... nega uning o'zagi o'yilgan?..
       O'shanda bozordan o'zim uchun jondek aziz nimadandir ajralganday bo'lib, ko'nglim cho'kib uyga qaytdim. O'sha-o'sha injiq ko'nglim nimagadir Chorsuga emas, Oloy bozoriga chopadi-turadi. Keng-darhon rastalar oralab kezar ekanman, shoir Omon Muxtorning bundan qariyb o'ttiz yil avval yozilgan she'riy satrlarini eslab dilim yayraydi:
               Oloy bozor, Oloy bozor,
               Bunda o'zbek bog'larining shira va sharbati bor!..
       Zum o'tmay tag'in mahzun xayollarga cho'ma boshlayman: xo'p, o'zbekning qolgan-qutgan bog'laridan siqib olingan shira va sharbatni-ku, oltin bahosida bo'lsa-da, har qalay, topa olasiz. Lekin bu bozorda ham ko'hna SHarq bozorida bo'lgan o'zgacha bir fayz-tarovatdan urvoq qoldimikan? Bu bozordan, deylik, hasip, dumba yog'i, qazi-qarta, boringki, Namangandagidek hil-hil pishgan kalla go'shtini topib bo'ladimi? Beshikni-chi? Muzeylar-u raqqosalarimizninggina mulki bo'lib qolgan turfa xil milliy kiyim-kechaklarimizni-chi?.. Notavon ko'nglim bularga ham qanoat qilmaydi. Buyuk baxshimiz Ergash Jumanbulbul o'g'li tomonidan "Ravshan" dostonida qahramon tilidan qo'yilgan ko'ndalang savollarni xayolimda takrorlayman:
               ...Anov turgan un bozori,
               To'zg'ib ketgan jun bozori,
               Qalpoq bozori qaydadur?..
       Darvoqe, qalpoq bozori qaerda? "Sharqda mash'al" Toshkentimizda qalpoq bozori bormi o'zi? Qalpoq bozorini ko'rganlar bormi? Axir, yaqin-yaqinlarga qadar "Sharq bozori" deb atalmish mo''jizaviy olamda odamning jonidan boshqa hamma narsa topilmasmidi? Mayli, yapon olimlari kashf etgan kompyuterlarning beshinchi avlodini aytmay qo'ya qolaylik, oddiygina turkana qalpog'i va yo o'zbekona nozikli do'ppisi yo'q bozorning nimasi "Sharq bozori"? Yo o'sha Ravshan qidirgan qalpoqning o'rtasi o'yilib, qachonlardir olamga mashhur bo'lgan Chorsu bozorining qoq o'rtasiga to'ntarib qo'yilgani etarlimi? Yo o'sha o'rtasi o'pqondek qalpoq bozorning ichidami dostondagi Ravshan qidirgan qaloq bozori?..
       Ha, "mustaqil respublika" deya rasmiy ravishda e'lon qilingan davlatimizning endi iqtisodiy va siyosiy mustaqillikka amalda erishmog'i, demakki, Nasriddin Afandining chimildiqqa Kumush vasliga talpingan Otabekdek yorug' yuz bilan dadil kirib bormog'i uchun avvalo shu xildagi savollarga to'g'ri javob, ya'ni, to'yona qalpoq topib olishimiz kerak bo'ladi.


"Xalq so'zi" gazetasi, 1991 yil 8 yanvar

Author: Otauli
Translator from Uzbek: Farrukh Ataev

Kalpak (headdress) bazaar

     One day Afandi got married. The wedding was so messy that there is a phrase among people: "It was not a good wedding, because children ate everything". In short, at the ceremony the organizers made an incredible mistake maybe on purpose or by shortmindedness: they had forgotten to feed Afandi with palov who was sitting in the neighbor's house before he entered chimildiq (wedding bedroom). When it was time, they invited him to the wedding bedroom right away. At that time Afandi out of caprice or wanted to show his hospitality or out of anger, made a very meaningful statement:
     - Let those who ate palov enter the wedding bedroom!
If we compare the Great October revolution to a wedding, the fate of motherland to the wedding bedroom, the Russian language to palov, our nation to Afandi, then we can say that we have been half-knowing or unknowingly, willing-unwillingly stating "let palov eaters enter the wedding bedroom" for many years. Thank God, here, due to the freedom that the reconstruction gave to our language, therefore, to our thinking though late we pose the question differently. For example, has it been a wedding since the beginning or?.. Who were the organizers? Who ate the wedding palov? Did we enter the wedding bedroom? We have been looking for good answers to such questions.
     One of such questions, in my opinion, the most important one is standing before us with its full complexity and weight: "Is Uzbekistan an independent or dependent country?"
    It is true that it was accepted the "Declaration of Independence" at the second session of the country's Oliy Kengash (High Council). Like the saying "If no water, ablution with sand" it was also a special holiday, a particular wedding for our nation. More appropriately, our nation started a wedding seventy years ago and is now finally about to enter the wedding bedroom. However, any declaration is not the independence itself yet. Especially, the economic independence, like economic dependence, is the natural result of systematic politics to be carried out for many years. Our sixty six year long politics (it is equal to the life of the person like Sharof Rashidov!), in essence, has been skillfullly directed not to the economic independence of every nation, but oppositely, to facilitate it. The historical fate of all nations has been tied at all feet and hands by thousands of threads to a single point - to the centralized country and hands of a single person who held the total power over the country.
    Well, for every nation, in particular, for us Uzbeks, what is the primary requirement of economical independence? Speaking by national phrase, it is in the state of being one's own ruler. In other words, to take care of yourself it is necessary to produce yourself all the products from ordinary daily products such as a match to an advanced robotic technology. In the last sixty years instead of becoming a producer of those goods from ordinary match to advanced robotic technology, on the contrary, we have become mere consumers of the goods. Moreover, we have started to import from abroad the goods that we have been producing ourselves for thousands of years. The whole nation has been restricted to the production of a few resources such as cotton, silk, karakul and others and has been even made dependent to buy ready goods made out of them at the very high price. Above all, to blame and insult it as a "dependent nation" - frankly the old history has seen very rarely!
    Sometimes such total dependence has been described as an economical cooperation of the nations living in the country, even as a unique achievement and a symbol of people's friendship. I have a different view on this. For instance, let's look at the airplane manufacturing company named after Chkalov. Well, the parts of an airplane are made in hundreds of places of the massive country and are delivered to Tashkent for assembly. Let's say if a small part is not delivered from Kamchatka on time, then the whole company employees will wait for it impatiently. It can be a strong dependence, but can it be an economical cooperation, a symbol of people's friendship that is worth demostrating? This way can our republic attain an economical independence and establish a national air plane manufacturing industry? Or should we give up the fruitless work for our nation and for now satisfy our needs by purchasing the latest brands of "IL" from Russian Federation or "Boieng" from USA, and pay more attention to the development of other types of industries?
    Putting aside the heavy industry, let's take a look at the current state of the textile industry, which has been close to our nation since old days.
    Our nation has been known in the world for its production of atlas, beqasam, qalami, banoras, silk, calico, buz and other types of fabrics for many thousand years. There have existed about hundred types of atlas in the past. We have not only provided ourselves with such fast-selling products, but also had a high presstige in the world market that went through the Great Silk Road. The presstige has gone away by today. Moreover, by producing the raw materials for the textile industry more than enough, we have started to bring majority of ready goods - satin, staple and so on - hundreds of fabrics and their names from abroad. The economical dependence will not be more than this!
    About a year ago it was widely celebrated in the world the 100th anniversary of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first president of free India. On this occasion I have translated and published one chapter of the thinker's work "Invention of India". In this chapter it was clearly explained how the British colonists deprived India of its economical independence and condemned to an economical dependence and the political trick was so vividly described. The textile industry was taken as an example. The Ost-Ind company first started its business with buying fast-selling Indian textile goods and selling in European coutries and after a while, oppositely, turned the country into an importer and consumer of cheap British textile industry products, that is it. That is, it turned the economical relashions upside down in the country. The colonist chain "has grown" from this political game. That is why the national independence movement under the leadership of Mahatma Ghandi and Jawaharlal Nehru has started its work from correcting the relationships. They stopped importing the textile products from abroad, and started to provide themselves and, oppositely, to export. The result is clear today: the country not only provides itself with fabric and clothing, but also restored its reputation in the world market, which can be seen by the store "Ganga" in Tashkent. Actually the picture has been different some time ago: the fabric and clothing produced in our country have been very popular in many countries of the world including India. Therefore, we should also start our work from restoring our traditional textile industry. I strongly believe that if we take full control of the production and external trade and arrange it well, our genuine ancestor's miracle - only atlas (satin) will play a key role in providing the economical independence of our country.
    It is said a hen needs water as well as wheat. What about a human? What about a whole nation? Certainly, there are many factors for getting rid of the economical dependence condemned for tens of years and achieving an economical independence in relatively short period. One of them is a family economy.
    What was the understanding of our nation for many centuries of a rich family, a complete family economy, a fortunate household? Usually when a host receives guests, he cordially and full of pride states: "Come on, help youself, dear guest! Thank God, all of it is a result of farming, we produce all ourselves. Well, we are not dependent on anybody or a market. It is said a bird can not be satisfied by feeding from hand. Nothing can be equal to producing everything by your own labor!.."
    "The struggle to provide our country with cotton independence" has brought our nation to such a miserable situation that nowadays the majority of families in our country are deprived of such pride. Even in our villages skillful craftsmen are dependent on stores and markets for the products from mere carrots-onion to the meat. At such households there could be a political freedom, that is, the right to express one's disagreement about the condition, but there is no sign of economical freedom. From this perspective provision of many families with land for farming and planning to raise it to a quarter hectare can be considered as an ABC of the independence and the great step towards economical freedom. Because, it is known from history that after the October revolution bolsheviks started their campaign by giving a quarter hectare land to every farmer who did not have a land and water. One of the first decrees of the Soviet government has been about the land. Unfortunately, the policy of Stalin, in particular, the notorious campaign called "the campaign of collectivism-kolkhoz creations" has destroyed this blessed starting. In fact, it left the land without owner, moreover, it made a farmer dependent on a head of a line, a head of a line on a brigadier, a brigadier on a chairman… Now the only way out of the deadlock by breaking the chain of such economical dependences is to restore our traditions, that is, to make a farmer a true and single owner of a land and to give him a full freedom. And then if we speak by the title of our wise poet Gofur Gulom's doston "When owners take over", shortly you will see how professional farmers will take themselves as well as our republic to the economical independence.
    The achievement of our economical independence is not only associated with making each farm economically independent, but also a relatively larger social institution such as a village.
     Let me tell a story here.
    The people of my mother village Qorachiq are described by all Turkistan people as "People of Qorachiq who planted salt". It is said the people of this village have not bought anything other than salt for many thousand years. The reason was the villagers followed the rule "a real man should know over forty trades". That is, farming, cattle breeding, crafts, in general, they were able to take care of all the work necessary for daily life. One day a stranger alien wanted to trick the  villagers: "How long are you going to buy the salt from abroad? Why do not you plant the salt yourselves?" At that time the skillfull, experienced master, but very na?ve, right, easy believer villagers believed the bad intrigue. They thought "Indeed, should we wait for that scoundrel trader and depend on him?! Let's plant this damned salt ourselves" and came to this decision… It is said, it resulted in the salty high lands around Qorachiq! I don't know if it was for real or it was a fabrication that some troublemaker made up who envied the giftedness and ability of Qorachiq people. Anyway, one thing is sure that at the time when I grew old enough to understand things around - at the end of 1950s in the village there were two mills, several watermills, a number of gardens each measuring twenty-thirty hectares, each family had sufficient number of sheep-goats, cows, even horses and a camels, in short, there was everything needed for independent and happy life.  It was considered a shame to buy or sell fruits-vegetables or milk. I wonder if my countrymen planted the salt on their foreheads (salty forehead means unhappy man), nowadays, they are looking to the empty stores in the center of Turkiston region in order to buy not only the milk, but also the blankets and robes made of the cotton they have grown themselves. In its turn the people of Turkiston are looking to provincial center Chimkent, the people of Chimkent are looking to Alma-ata or Tashkent. In Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, in general, in most cities and villages of ancient Turkistan the situation is almost the same. Can there be a talk about economical independence in such situation? Therefore, in order to free villages from economical dependence, it is necessary to restore the mills and watermills, the national crafts and all types of trades. It is possible and necessary to use the instuments tested and proved for thousand of years. However, instead of purchasing the worthless products for higher and higher price from the industrial centers of our country that they have been stuffing (damping) to us, we should buy or barter the compact equipments and small businesses that have been created by the world standards in such countries as Japan, South Korea, Turkey, India, where the style of living has been historically similar to our way of living. The evil called "industrial gigants", in reality, has turned our economy such upside down that it will be a big problem to get rid of the useless baggage. Therefore, all our attention must be directed to freeing the family and agricultural economy from the economical dependence. If these two missions are achieved, I am sure, it would be laid a foundation of taking our republic to a large road of economical independence. In that case it would be established one of the real bases of transiting to a free market economy. Otherwise the "free market economy" will remain as a next political trick that will make our nation poorer, whose more than a half are living poorly.
    Since we have to transit to the free market economy without having achieved the full economical independence, now let's see the difficulties associated with the free market economy. Because, as the economical independence has an efficient impact on the free market, the state of the market can also facilitate or hinder our efforts on the way to the economical independence.
    At this moment I would like to admit that my mind, which is not able to understand the meanings of economical terms as well as an economist, is especially having a great difficulty at one thing. I understand to some level the term "market economy" and the need to transit to such economy. However, frankly, I don't understand the meaning of the adjective "controlled" in front of it. How is it?! How "controlled"? The history of mankind shows that if a market is controlled, it means, it is not a market, but a government store. If it is a true market, it does not tolerate any controlling or external influence. Well, it is therefore a market! At the market, say, the price is determined by not the Price Committee, but a daily demand, that is it. Due to the demand, should not the price in the market as in the stock exchanges of capitalistic countries rise and fall like the beam and behave freely? Have not we come to this situation controlling the market economy? How is it going to be controlled again?
    Do you remember how the former ruler of our country wanted to control the price at Oloy market four-five years ago? While walking at the market the man criticized a farmer saying "Are not you ashamed to sell a kilogram of raisin for eight soums, old man?". Moreover, he demanded: "From now on you will sell a kilogram for two soums!". The farmer having been kept under dependence for seventy years bowed obediently: "OK, boss, I will as you say!". It is said at that time a crafty man taking advantage of it wanted to buy a sack of raisin from the old farmer at two soums per kilogram before the ruler's eyes. Poor farmer was scared of the ruler's anger for not selling. But selling it resembles a robbery on a bright day. I want to say that the transition to the "controlled market economy" must not open doors for such plunderings and not decrease the amount of already decreasing farmers and agricultural goods. Instead of controlling the market, should not we ponder upon creating suitable conditions, convenient environment for development of the market? There are many worthy problems to ponder about this.
    I went to Chorsu market recently to buy something and talked to an old woman who was selling grapes near the new dome:
     - Why are you not entering that new market and selling here, mother?
      The woman suddenly told the truth:
     - Who would like to go into that open grave, son?!
     Unintentionally I looked at the opening on top of the "yurt" before me and… was amazed once again by the beauty of our language. Look at the common description of the new market! In my opinion the sarcastic description is able to make each of us to think: has ever been an ancient Eastern market inside a yurt? By inventing this yurt, did not our architects "hit their eyes off by trying to dye eyebrows"? Did not they deprive us of attractive elements of the eastern bazaar such as bazaar rows and shops? What does that dome, speaking by the woman's sarcastic words, the "open grave" look like: a yurt? Or inverted plate with a hole? Or the flowery qalpoq (headdress) that the blessed old men like Yusufbek hoji (the man who traveled to hajj) have worn in the past?.. Especially, it resembles such qalpoq very much, but… why its base has been taken away?..
    At that time I came home from the market with the sad feeling of losing something significant to me. Since then my capricious heart for some reason prefers Oloy market rather than Chorsu market. As I walk through the wide rows, I become glad recalling the poetic lines of the poet Omon Mukhtor written thirty years ago:
               Oloy bazaar, Oloy bazaar,
               It has a sweet and honey of Uzbek gardens!..
     Shortly I again engage in sorrow thoughts: OK, at a price of gold you can still find the sweet and honey squeezed from the remaining gardens of Uzbek. But could the bazaar preserve any charm like in the ancient Eastern bazaar? Is it possible to find, say, hasip (dish made of sheep intestines stuffed with rice), dumba oil (tail fat oil), qazi-qarta (smoked sausage made of horse meat and fat), in short, a cooked head meat like the one made in Namangan? What about a cradle? How about the various national cloths that have become the possessings of museums and dancers?.. My poor soul is not satisfied with this too. I repeat the straight questions posed by the hero in the doston (epos) "Ravshan" sung by the son of Ergash Jumanbulbul:
                       …That is a flour bazaar,
                       The scattered wool bazaar,
                       Where is the qalpoq bazaar?..
     By the way, where is the qalpoq bazaar? Is there a qalpoq bazaar in the "eastern torch" Tashkent? Has anyone seen a qalpoq bazaar? Well, has not been everything other than a human soul found until recently in the miraculous world called "Eastern bazaar"? All right, we don't speak about the fifth generation of computers invented by Janapese scientists, but how can it be called an "Eastern bazaar" if it lacks an ordinary Turkic kalpak or Uzbek duppi (national headdress)? Or is it enough to make a hole in the kalpak that Ravshan has searched and place in the center of the famous some time ago Chorsu bazaar? Or is the kalpak bazaar situated inside that hole-centered kalpak bazaar that Ravshan in the epos has searched?..
     All right, in order for our country, which was officially annouced as "Independent Republic", to achieve the economical and political independence, consequently, for Nasriddin Afandi to enter wedding bedroom with blessed face, we should find appropriate answers to such questions, that is, we should find a wedding kalpak.


"Xalq suzi" (National word) newspaper, 8 January 1991
 
 
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